I. Asalkii hore
Guud ahaan, qalabka caafimaadka ee lagu jeermiyo ethylene oxide waa in la falanqeeyo lana qiimeeyaa hadhaaga jeermiska ka dib, maadaama cadadka haraaga uu si dhow ula xiriiro caafimaadka kuwa la kulma aaladda caafimaadka.Ethylene oxide waa habdhiska dhexe ee niyad-jabka.Haddii maqaarka lala taabto, guduudasho iyo barar si degdeg ah ayay u dhacaan, finanku waxay yimaaddaan dhawr saacadood ka dib, taabasho soo noqnoqda waxay keeni kartaa dareen.Dareere ku daadanaya indhaha waxay sababi kartaa gubashada lafaha.Haddii ay dhacdo soo-gaadhis dheer oo xaddi yar, neurasthenia syndrome iyo cilladaha dareemaha ayaa la arki karaa.Waxaa la sheegay in LD50 afka degdega ah ee jiirka uu yahay 330 mg/Kg, iyo in ethylene oxide ay kordhin karto heerka aberrations koromosoomyada dhuuxa lafta ee jiirarka [1].Heerarka sare ee kansarka iyo dhimashada ayaa lagu soo warramey shaqaalaha la kulmay ethylene oxide.[2] 2-Chloroethanol wuxuu keeni karaa erythema maqaarka haddii la taabto maqaarka;si joogto ah ayaa loo nuugi karaa si loo sumeeyo.Cabitaanka afka wuxuu noqon karaa dhimasho.Soo-gaadhista muddada-dheer ee daba-dheeraatay waxay dhaawac u geysan kartaa habdhiska dhexe ee neerfayaasha, habka wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga iyo sambabada.Natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista gudaha iyo dibedda ee ethylene glycol waxay isku raaceen in sunteeda ay yar tahay.Habka dheef-shiid kiimikaad ee jidhku wuxuu la mid yahay kan ethanol, iyada oo loo marayo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka ethanol dehydrogenase iyo acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, alaabta ugu muhiimsan waa glycoxalic acid, oxalic acid iyo lactic acid, kuwaas oo leh sunta sare.Sidaa darteed, tiro heerar ah ayaa leh shuruudo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay hadhaaga ka dib jeermiska ethylene oxide.Tusaale ahaan, GB/T 16886.7-2015 "Qiimaynta Nafleyda ee Aaladaha Caafimaadka Qaybta 7: Hadhaaga Xakamaynta Ethylene Oxide", YY0290.8-2008 "Lens Artificial Ophthalmic Optics Qaybta 8: Shuruudaha aasaasiga ah", iyo heerarka kale waxay leeyihiin shuruudo faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan shuruudaha Haraaga ethylene oxide iyo 2-chloroethanol.GB/T 16886.7-2015 waxay si cad u sheegaysaa in marka la isticmaalayo GB/T 16886.7-2015, waxaa si cad loo sheegay in marka 2-chloroethanol uu ka jiro aaladaha caafimaadka ee ay nadiifiso ethylene oxide, ugu badnaan la ogolaan karo hadhaaga ayaa sidoo kale si cad u xaddidan.Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si buuxda loo falanqeeyo wax-soo-saarka hadhaaga caadiga ah (ethylene oxide, 2-chloroethanol, ethylene glycol) ee ka soo-saarka, gaadiidka iyo kaydinta ethylene oxide, soo-saarka qalabka caafimaadka, iyo habka jeermiska.
II.Falanqaynta haraaga jeermiska
Habka wax soo saarka ee ethylene oxide waxa loo qaybiyaa habka chlorohydrin iyo habka oksaydhka.Waxaa ka mid ah, habka chlorohydrin waa habka hore ee ethylene oxide.Waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay laba hab oo falcelineed: tillaabada koowaad: C2H4 + HClO - CH2Cl - CH2OH;Tallaabada labaad: CH2Cl - CH2OH + CaOH2 - C2H4O + CaCl2 + H2O.Habka falcelinta Alaabta dhexdhexaadka ah waa 2-chloroethanol (CH2Cl-CH2OH).Sababtoo ah tignoolajiyada dib-u-dhaca ee habka chlorohydrin, wasakhowga halista ah ee deegaanka, oo ay weheliso badeecada daxalka halista ah ee qalabka, soosaarayaasha badankood waa la tirtiray [4].Habka oksaydhisku [3] waxa loo qaybiyaa hawo iyo habab oksijiin.Marka loo eego nadiifnimada kala duwan ee oksijiinta, wax soo saarka ugu weyn wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba hab oo falcelin ah: tallaabada koowaad: 2C2H4 + O2 - 2C2H4O;tallaabada labaad: C2H4 + 3O2 - 2CO2 + H2O.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, wax-soo-saarka warshadaha ee ethylene oxide Waqtigan xaadirka ah, wax-soo-saarka warshadaha ee ethylene oxide ayaa inta badan qaata habka oksaydhka tooska ah ee ethylene oo lacag ah sida kicinta.Sidaa darteed, habka wax soo saarka ee ethylene oxide waa arrin go'aamisa qiimeynta 2-chloroethanol ka dib marka la nadiifiyo.
Iyadoo la tixraacayo qodobbada ku habboon GB / T 16886.7-2015 heerka si loo fuliyo xaqiijinta iyo horumarinta habka jeermiska ethylene oxide, marka loo eego sifooyinka physicochemical ee ethylene oxide, inta badan haraaga ayaa ku jira qaabka asalka ah ka dib markii la nadiifiyo.Waxyaalaha saameeya cadadka haraaga inta badan waxaa ka mid ah isku-darka ethylene oxide ee aaladaha caafimaadka, alaabta baakadaha iyo dhumucda, heerkulka iyo qoyaanka ka hor iyo ka dib, wakhtiga ficilka jeermiska iyo wakhtiga xalinta, xaaladaha kaydinta, iwm, iyo arrimaha kor ku xusan ayaa go'aaminaya baxsashada awoodda ethylene oxide.Waxaa lagu soo warramey suugaanta [5] in xoojinta ethylene oxide sterilization inta badan loo xushay 300-1000mg.L-1.Waxyaalaha luminaya ethylene oxide inta lagu jiro sterilization inta badan waxaa ka mid ah: adsorption of aaladaha caafimaadka, hydrolysis hoos xaaladaha huurka qaarkood, iyo wixii la mid ah.Isku-duubnaanta 500-600mg.L-1 waa mid dhaqaale iyo waxtar leh, hoos u dhigista isticmaalka ethylene oxide iyo hadhaaga walxaha jeermiska, badbaadinta kharashka jeermiska.
Chlorine waxay leedahay codsiyo badan oo kala duwan oo ku saabsan warshadaha kiimikada, alaabooyin badan ayaa si dhow noogu xiran.Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa dhexdhexaad ahaan, sida vinyl chloride, ama badeecada dhamaadka ah, sida warankiilo.Isla mar ahaantaana, koloriintu waxay sidoo kale ku jirtaa hawada, biyaha iyo deegaannada kale, waxyeellada jidhka bini'aadamka ayaa sidoo kale muuqata.Sidaa darteed, marka aaladaha caafimaadka ee ku habboon lagu nadiifiyo ethylene oxide, waa in la tixgeliyaa falanqayn dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka, nadiifinta, kaydinta iyo qaybaha kale ee alaabta, waana in la qaado tallaabooyin la beegsanayo si loo xakameeyo qadarka haraaga ah ee 2-chloroethanol.
Waxa lagu sheegay suugaanta [6] in waxa ku jira 2-chloroethanol uu gaadhay ku dhawaad 150 µg/ gabal ka dib 72 saacadood oo la xaliyay balastar-kaalmo ah oo ay nadiifisay ethylene oxide, iyadoo la tixraacayo aaladaha xidhiidhka muddada-gaaban ee lagu qeexay. Heerka GB/T16886.7-2015, celceliska qiyaasta maalinlaha ah ee 2-chloroethanol ee bukaanka waa in aanu ka badnayn 9 mg, qadarkeeda hadhana aad ayuu uga hooseeyaa qiimaha xadka ee heerka.
Daraasad [7] ayaa lagu qiyaasay hadhaaga ethylene oxide iyo 2-chloroethanol saddex nooc oo dunta tolida ah, iyo natiijooyinka ethylene oxide waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan la ogaan karin iyo 2-chloroethanol waxay ahayd 53.7 µg.g-1 oo loogu talagalay dunta tolida ee dunta nylon. .YY 0167-2005 ayaa qeexaysa xadka lagu ogaanayo ethylene oxide ee tolida qalliinka ee aan la nuugi karin, mana jirto wax sharci ah oo loogu talagalay 2-chloroethanol.Sutures-ku waxay leeyihiin suurtogalnimada xaddi badan oo biyo warshadeed oo ku jira habka wax soo saarka.Afarta qaybood ee tayada biyaha ee biyaha dhulkayaga ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa aagga ilaalinta guud ee warshadaha iyo jidhka bini'aadamka oo aan si toos ah ula xiriirin goobta biyaha, oo guud ahaan lagu daaweeyo warankiilo, waxay xakameyn kartaa algae iyo microorganisms ee biyaha, loo isticmaalo jeermiska iyo ka hortagga fayodhowrka. .Walaxda firfircoon ee ugu muhiimsan waa kalsiyum hypochlorite, taas oo ka dhalata iyada oo gaaska chlorine dhex mara dhagax nuurad.Calcium hypochlorite si sahal ah ayay hawada u hoosaysaa, qaacidada falcelinta ugu weyni waa: Ca(ClO)2+CO2+H2O–CaCO3+2HClO.hypochlorite si sahal ah ayay u kala googo'a hydrochloric acid iyo biyaha iftiinka hoostiisa, qaacidada falcelinta ugu weyni waa: 2HClO+light—2HCl+O2.2HCl+O2.Chlorine negative ions si sahal ah ayaa loogu damiyaa tolida, iyo qaar ka mid ah meelaha acidic ama alkaline ee daciifka ah, ethylene oxide ayaa giraanta ku furto si ay u soo saarto 2-chloroethanol.
Waxaa lagu sheegay suugaanta [8] in haraaga 2-chloroethanol ee shaybaarada IOL laga soo saaray ultrasonic soo saarista acetone oo lagu go'aamiyay gaaska chromatography-mass spectrometry, laakiin lama ogaan.YY0290.8-2008 "Ophthalmic Optics Artificial Lens Qaybta 8: Shuruudaha Aasaasiga ah” waxa ay sheegaysaa in cadadka 2-chloroethanol ee ku jira IOL aanu ka badnayn 2.0µg maalintii lenskiiba, iyo in wadarta cadadka lens kasta aanu ka badnayn 5.0 GB/T16886. Heerarka 7-2015 wuxuu sheegayaa in sunta indhaha ee ay keento hadhaaga 2-chloroethanol ay 4 jeer ka badan tahay tan ay keentay isla heerka ethylene oxide.
Marka la soo koobo, marka la qiimeynayo hadhaaga aaladaha caafimaadka ka dib jeermiska ethylene oxide, ethylene oxide iyo 2-chloroethanol waa in diirada la saaraa, laakiin hadhaaga sidoo kale waa in si buuxda loo falanqeeyaa iyadoo loo eegayo xaalada dhabta ah.
Inta lagu jiro nadiifinta aaladaha caafimaadka, qaar ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin ee aaladaha caafimaadka ee hal la isticmaalo ama alaabta baakadaha waxaa ka mid ah polyvinyl chloride (PVC), iyo xaddi aad u yar oo vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ayaa sidoo kale la soo saari doonaa kala-soocida resin PVC inta lagu guda jiro howsha.GB10010-2009 tubooyinka PVC jilicsan ee caafimaadka ayaa qeexaya in waxa ku jira VCM aysan dhaafi karin 1µg.g-1.VCM si sahal ah ayaa loo polymerized iyadoo ay hoos timaado ficilka kicinta (peroxides, iwm) ama iftiinka iyo kulaylka si loo soo saaro xabagta polyvinyl chloride, oo si wada jir ah loo yaqaan resin vinyl chloride.Vinyl chloride si fudud ayaa loo polymerized iyadoo hoos timaada ficilka kicinta (peroxide, iwm.) ama iftiin iyo kulayl si loo soo saaro chloride polyvinyl, oo loo yaqaan 'vinyl chloride resin'.Marka polyvinyl chloride lagu kululeeyo 100 ° C ama la kulmo shucaaca ultraviolet, waxaa jirta suurtogalnimo in gaaska hydrogen chloride uu baxsan karo.Kadib isku darka gaasta chloride hydrogen iyo ethylene oxide gudaha xirmada waxay dhalin doontaa qadar go'an oo 2-chloroethanol ah.
Ethylene glycol, deggan dabeecadda, ma aha mid kacsan.Atomka ogsijiinta ee ethylene oxide waxa uu sido laba lammaane oo elektaroonik ah waxana uu leeyahay hydrophilicity xoog leh, taas oo sahlaysa in la dhaliyo glycol ethylene marka ay la noolaadaan ions chloride negative.Tusaale ahaan: C2H4O + NaCl + H2O – CH2Cl – CH2OH + NaOH.Habkani waa mid daciif ah oo aasaasi ah dhamaadka falcelinta wuxuuna si xoog leh aasaas u yahay dhamaadka curinta, iyo dhacdooyinka falcelintani waa mid hooseeya.Dhacdooyinka ugu sarreeya waa samaynta ethylene glycol ee ethylene oxide marka la taabto biyaha: C2H4O + H2O - CH2OH - CH2OH, iyo fuuq-baxa ethylene oxide waxay xannibaysaa ku-xidhnaanshaha chlorine-ka xun ee bilaashka ah.
Haddii ion taban koloriin lagu soo bandhigo wax soo saarka, nadiifinta, kaydinta, gaadiidka iyo isticmaalka qalabka caafimaadka, waxaa suurtogal ah in ethylene oxide ay la falgasho iyaga si ay u sameeyaan 2-chloroethanol.Maadaama habka chlorohydrin laga saaray habka wax soo saarka, badeecadeeda dhexdhexaadka ah, 2-chloroethanol, kuma dhici doonto habka oksaydhka tooska ah.Soo saarista aaladaha caafimaadka, alaabta ceeriin qaarkood waxay leeyihiin sifooyin adsorption oo xooggan oo loogu talagalay ethylene oxide iyo 2-chloroethanol, markaa xakamaynta qaddarkooda hadhaaga ah waa in la tixgeliyaa marka la falanqeynayo jeermiska jeermiska.Intaa waxaa dheer, inta lagu guda jiro wax soo saarka ee qalabka caafimaadka, alaabta ceeriin, daro, inhibitors falcelinta, iwm waxaa ku jira cusbada inorganic ee qaabka chlorides, iyo marka jeermis dilay, suurtagalnimada in ethylene oxide fur giraanta hoos xaaladaha acidic ama alkaline, maraa SN2. falcelinta, oo lagu darayo ion taban koloriin bilaash ah si loo dhaliyo 2-chloroethanol waa in la tixgeliyaa.
Hadda, habka caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo ogaanshaha ethylene oxide, 2-chlorethanol iyo ethylene glycol waa habka wajiga gaaska.Ethylene oxide sidoo kale waxaa lagu ogaan karaa habka colorimetric iyadoo la adeegsanayo xalinta tijaabada sulfite cas ee qanjaruufo, laakiin faa'iido darrada ayaa ah in runnimada natiijooyinka baaritaanka ay saameeyaan arrimo badan oo xaaladaha tijaabada ah, sida hubinta heerkulka joogtada ah ee 37 ° C gudaha jawi tijaabo ah si loo xakameeyo falcelinta ethylene glycol, iyo wakhtiga la geliyo xalka si loo tijaabiyo ka dib habka horumarinta midabka.Sidaa darteed, xaqiijinta hab-raacyada (ay ku jirto saxnaanta, saxnaanta, toosnaanta, dareenka, iwm.) ee shaybaarka aqoonta leh ayaa muhiimad tixraaceed u leh ogaanshaha tirada haraaga.
III.Milicsiga habka dib u eegista
Ethylene oxide, 2-chloroethanol iyo ethylene glycol waa hadhaaga caadiga ah ka dib markii ethylene oxide ay nadiifiso aaladaha caafimaadka.Si loo sameeyo qiimeynta haraaga, soo bandhigida walxaha ku habboon wax soo saarka iyo kaydinta ethylene oxide, wax soo saarka iyo nadiifinta qalabka caafimaadka waa in la tixgeliyaa.
Waxaa jira laba arrimood oo kale oo ay tahay in diiradda lagu saaro shaqada dib u eegista qalabka caafimaadka ee dhabta ah: 1. Haddii ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la sameeyo baaritaanka haraaga 2-chloroethanol.Soo saarista oxide ethylene, haddii habka caadiga ah ee chlorohydrin la isticmaalo, in kasta oo sifaynta, sifaynta iyo habab kale lagu qaadan doono habka wax soo saarka, gaaska ethylene oxide ayaa weli ku jiri doona badeecad dhexdhexaad ah 2-chloroethanol ilaa xad, iyo qadarkeeda haraaga ah. waa in la qiimeeyaa.Haddii habka oksaydhka loo isticmaalo, ma jiraan wax hordhac ah oo ah 2-chloroethanol, laakiin qadarka haraaga ee xannibaadayaasha khuseeya, kicinta, iwm ee habka falcelinta ethylene oxide waa in la tixgeliyaa.Aaladaha caafimaadku waxay isticmaalaan xaddi badan oo biyo warshadeed habka wax soo saarka, iyo xaddi go'an oo ah hypochlorite iyo chlorine taban ayaa sidoo kale lagu dhajiyaa alaabta la dhammeeyey, taas oo ah sababaha suurtogalka ah ee joogitaanka 2-chloroethanol ee hadhaaga.Waxa kale oo jira kiisas in alaabta ceeriin iyo baakadaha aaladaha caafimaadku yihiin cusbo aan organic ahayn oo ay ku jiraan koloriin elemental ama maaddooyin polymer leh qaab dhismeed deggan oo aan fududayn in la jebiyo curaarta, iwm. Sidaa darteed, waa lagama maarmaan in si buuxda loo falanqeeyo haddii khatarta 2-chloroethanol hadhaaga waa in la tijaabiyaa si loo qiimeeyo, iyo haddii ay jirto caddayn ku filan oo muujinaysa inaan la gelin doonin 2-chloroethanol ama ka hooseeya xadka ogaanshaha habka ogaanshaha, tijaabada waa la iska indhatiray si loo xakameeyo khatarta.2. Qiimaynta falanqaynta ethylene glycol ee hadhaaga.Marka la barbardhigo ethylene oxide iyo 2-chloroethanol, sunta xidhiidhka ee hadhaaga ethylene glycol way hooseeyaan, laakiin sababtoo ah wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka ethylene oxide ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo bandhigi doonaa carbon dioxide iyo biyaha, iyo ethylene oxide iyo biyaha ayaa u nugul inay soo saaraan glycol ethylene, iyo content of ethylene glycol ka dib markii jeermisku wuxuu la xiriiraa nadiifnimada ethylene oxide, iyo sidoo kale la xidhiidha baakadaha, qoyaanka ku jira microorganisms, iyo heerkulka iyo deegaanka huurka ee jeermiska, sidaas darteed, ethylene glycol waa in la tixgeliyaa si waafaqsan xaaladaha dhabta ah. .Qiimaynta.
Heerarka waa mid ka mid ah qalabka dib u eegista farsamada ee qalabka caafimaadka, dib u eegista farsamada ee qalabka caafimaadka waa in ay diiradda saaraan shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee badbaadada iyo waxtarka naqshadeynta alaabta iyo horumarinta, wax soo saarka, kaydinta, isticmaalka iyo qaybaha kale ee falanqaynta dhamaystiran ee arrimaha saameeya badbaadada iyo waxtarka aragtida iyo dhaqanka, oo ku salaysan sayniska, oo ku salaysan xaqiiqada, halkii tixraac toos ah ee heerka, ka go'ay xaaladda dhabta ah ee design alaabta, cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta, wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka.Shaqada dib u eegista waa in ay fiiro gaar ah u yeelataa nidaamka tayada wax soo saarka qalabka caafimaadka si loo xakameeyo xiriiriyeyaasha ku habboon, isla mar ahaantaana dib u eegista goobta waa in sidoo kale ay noqotaa "dhibaatooyinka" jihada, siiya ciyaar buuxda doorka "indhaha" hagaajin tayada dib u eegista, ujeedada dib u eegista sayniska.
Isha: Xarunta Dib-u-eegista Farsamada ee Aaladaha Caafimaadka, Maamulka Dawooyinka Gobolka (SDA)
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Waqtiga boostada: Seb-21-2023